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Oregrounds iron
Oregrounds iron was a grade of iron that was regarded as the best grade available in 18th century England. The term was derived from the small Swedish city of Öregrund. The process to create it is known as the Walloon method.
Oregrounds iron is the equivalent of the Swedish ''vallonjärn'', which literally translates as Walloon iron. The Swedish name derives from the iron being produced by the Walloon version of the finery forge process, the Walloon method 〔Awty, Brian G. 'The Development and Dissemination of the Walloon Method of Ironworking' in ''Technology and Culture'' - Volume 48, Number 4, October 2007, pp. 783-803 (The Development and Dissemination of the Walloon Method of Ironworking )〕 as opposed the German method, which was more common in Sweden. Actually, the term is more specialised, as all the Swedish Walloon forges made iron from ore ultimately derived from the Dannemora mine. It was made in about 20 forges mainly in Uppland.
Many of the ironworks were founded by Louis de Geer and other Dutch entrepreneurs who set up ironworks in Sweden in the 1610s and 1620s, with blast furnaces and finery forges. Most of the early forgemen were also from Wallonia.〔(HUGUENOTS-WALLOONS-EUROPE-L Archives )〕
==Origins in Wallonia==
The technique was developed in Wallonia in present-day Belgium during the Middle Ages. The Walloon method 〔Awty, Brian G. 'The Development and Dissemination of the Walloon Method of Ironworking' (''Technology and Culture'' Volume 48, Number 4, October 2007, pp. 783-803 )〕 consisted of making pig iron in a blast furnace, followed by refining it in a finery forge. The process was devised in the Liège region, and spread〔Allan H. Kittel,''The Revolutionary Period of the Industrial Revolution'', p.130〕 into France and thence from the Pays de Bray to England before the end of the 15th century.〔B. G. Awty, ‘The continental origins of Wealden ironworkers’ ''Economic History Review'' Ser. II, 34 (1981), 524-39.〕〔B. G. Awty, ‘The origin of the blast furnace: evidence from the frankophone areas’ ''Historical Metallurgy'' 21(2) (1987), 96-9.〕 Louis de Geer took it to Roslagen in Sweden in the early 17th century, where he employed Walloon ironmakers.〔M. Nisser, 'Bergslagen' in B. Holtze and others (eds.), ''The Engelsberg ironworks'' (Stockholm 1975), 29-36.〕 Iron made there by this method was known in England as oregrounds iron.〔P. W. King, 'The Cartel in Oregrounds Iron: trading relationships in the raw material for steel' ''Journal of Industrial History 6(1) (2003), 25-48. See also Robert Halleux, Anne-Catherine Bernès, Luc Étienne, 'L'évolution des sciences et des techniques en Wallonie', in ''Atouts et références d’une région'', Institut Destrée, Charleroi, 1995 (Atouts et références d’une région )〕
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